Security Advisory - Improper Authentication Vulnerability in Smartphones
- SA No:huawei-sa-20191204-01-smartphone
- Initial Release Date: Dec 04, 2019
- Last Release Date: Sep 09, 2020
There is an improper authentication vulnerability in smartphones. The applock does not perform a sufficient authentication in a rare condition, successful exploit could allow the attacker to use the application locked by applock in an instant. (Vulnerability ID: HWPSIRT-2019-04103)
This vulnerability has been assigned a Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) ID: CVE-2019-5252.
Huawei has released software updates to fix this vulnerability. This advisory is available at the following link:
http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20191204-01-smartphone-en
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Product Name |
Affected Version |
Resolved Product and Version |
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ALP-AL00B |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.143(C00E143R2P4) |
10.0.0.143(C00E143R2P4) |
|
ALP-TL00B |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.143(C01E143R1P4) |
10.0.0.143(C01E143R1P4) |
|
Anne-AL00 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.126(C00E126R1P7T8) |
9.1.0.126(C00E126R1P7T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.132(C00E132R1P7T8) |
9.1.0.132(C00E132R1P7T8) |
|
|
Ares-AL00B |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.151(C00E151R2P5T8) |
9.1.0.151(C00E151R2P5T8) |
|
BLA-AL00B |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.143(C00E143R2P4) |
10.0.0.143(C00E143R2P4) |
|
BLA-TL00B |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.143(C01E143R1P4) |
10.0.0.143(C01E143R1P4) |
|
Berkeley-AL20 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.333(C00E333R2P1T8) |
9.1.0.333(C00E333R2P1T8) |
|
Berkeley-L09 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.325(C432E4R1P12T8) |
9.1.0.325(C432E4R1P12T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.337(C10E7R1P14T8) |
9.1.0.337(C10E7R1P14T8) |
|
|
Berkeley-TL10 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.333(C01E333R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.333(C01E333R1P1T8) |
|
Cornell-AL00A |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.333(C00E333R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.333(C00E333R1P1T8) |
|
Cornell-TL10B |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.333(C01E333R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.333(C01E333R1P1T8) |
|
Ever-L29B |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.180(C185E6R3P3) |
10.0.0.180(C185E6R3P3) |
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.180(C432E6R1P7) |
10.0.0.180(C432E6R1P7) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.180(C636E5R2P3) |
10.0.0.180(C636E5R2P3) |
|
|
Figo-L23 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.130(C605E6R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.130(C605E6R1P5T8) |
|
Figo-L31 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.122(C09E7R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.122(C09E7R1P5T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.122(C33E8R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.122(C33E8R1P5T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.122(C530E8R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.122(C530E8R1P5T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.127(C00E115R2P8T8) |
Figo-AL10B 9.1.0.127(C00E115R2P8T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.130(C10E8R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.130(C10E8R1P5T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.130(C432E8R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.130(C432E8R1P5T8) |
|
|
Figo-TL10B |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.127(C01E115R2P8T8) |
9.1.0.127(C01E115R2P8T8) |
|
Florida-AL20B |
8.0.0.182(C00) |
9.1.0.124(C00E112R1P6T8) |
|
Florida-L21 |
8.0.0.133(C432) |
9.1.0.131(C432E6R1P5T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.139(C185E6R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.139(C185E6R1P5T8) |
|
|
Florida-L22 |
8.0.0.134(C636) |
9.1.0.139(C636E6R1P5T8) |
|
Florida-L23 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.137(C605E7R1P2T8) |
9.1.0.137(C605E7R1P2T8) |
|
Florida-TL10B |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.124(C01E112R1P6T8) |
9.1.0.124(C01E112R1P6T8) |
|
HUAWEI Mate 20 |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.195(C00E74R3P8) |
10.0.0.195(C00E74R3P8) |
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.195(C01E76R1P8) |
10.0.0.195(C01E76R1P8) |
|
|
HUAWEI Mate 20 Pro |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.154(C10E7R2P4) |
10.0.0.154(C10E7R2P4) |
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.154(C185E7R2P4) |
10.0.0.154(C185E7R2P4) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.154(C432E7R1P5) |
10.0.0.154(C432E7R1P5) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.154(C605E7R1P5) |
10.0.0.154(C605E7R1P5) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.154(C636E7R2P4) |
10.0.0.154(C636E7R2P4) |
|
|
HUAWEI Mate 20 RS |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.175(C786E70R3P8) |
10.0.0.175(C786E70R3P8) |
|
HUAWEI Mate 20 X |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.176(C00E70R2P8) |
10.0.0.176(C00E70R2P8) |
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.176(C01E70R2P8) |
10.0.0.176(C01E70R2P8) |
|
|
HUAWEI Mate RS |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.143(C786E144R1P4) |
10.0.0.143(C786E144R1P4) |
|
HUAWEI P smart 2019 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.262(C185E8R4P1) |
9.1.0.262(C185E8R4P1) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.262(C432E8R4P1) |
9.1.0.262(C432E8R4P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.262(C605E8R2P2) |
9.1.0.262(C605E8R2P2) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.281(C185E8R4P1) |
9.1.0.281(C185E8R4P1) |
|
|
HUAWEI P20 lite |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.200(C605E4R1P3T8) |
9.1.0.200(C605E4R1P3T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.200(C635E5R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.200(C635E5R1P1T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.246(C185E4R1P8T8) |
9.1.0.246(C185E4R1P8T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.246(C432E6R1P7T8) |
9.1.0.246(C432E6R1P7T8) |
|
|
HUAWEI P30 |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.168(C10E7R5P1) |
10.0.0.168(C10E7R5P1) |
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.168(C185E4R7P1) |
10.0.0.168(C185E4R7P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.168(C432E22R2P5) |
10.0.0.168(C432E22R2P5) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.168(C605E19R1P3) |
10.0.0.168(C605E19R1P3) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.173(C00E73R1P11) |
10.0.0.173(C00E73R1P11) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.178(C185E4R7P1) |
10.0.0.178(C185E4R7P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.178(C636E4R3P4) |
10.0.0.178(C636E4R3P4) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.187(C635E3R2P4) |
10.0.0.187(C635E3R2P4) |
|
|
HUAWEI P30 Pro |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.166(C00E66R1P8) |
10.0.0.166(C00E66R1P8) |
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.166(C01E66R1P8) |
10.0.0.166(C01E66R1P8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.173(C00E73R1P8) |
10.0.0.173(C00E73R1P8) |
|
|
HUAWEI Y6 2019 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.234(C33E9R1P6) |
9.1.0.234(C33E9R1P6) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.234(C45E9R1P6) |
9.1.0.234(C45E9R1P6) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.234(C530E9R1P6) |
9.1.0.234(C530E9R1P6) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.234(C55E9R1P6) |
9.1.0.234(C55E9R1P6) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.242(C109E9R1P7) |
9.1.0.242(C109E9R1P7) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.242(C185E5R4P1) |
9.1.0.242(C185E5R4P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.242(C25E10R1P6) |
9.1.0.242(C25E10R1P6) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.242(C431E1R1P8) |
9.1.0.242(C431E1R1P8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.242(C431E5R2P1 |
9.1.0.242(C431E5R2P1 |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.242(C432E5R2P1 |
9.1.0.242(C432E5R2P1 |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.242(C521E12R1P6) |
9.1.0.242(C521E12R1P6) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.242(C605E6R1P6) |
9.1.0.242(C605E6R1P6) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.242(C605E6R1P7) |
9.1.0.242(C605E6R1P7) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.243(C69E13R1P6) |
9.1.0.243(C69E13R1P6) |
|
|
HUAWEI Y6 Pro 2019 |
9.0.1.156(C636E5R2P2) |
9.1.0.248(C636E5R3P1) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.234(C636E5R3P1) |
9.1.0.234(C636E5R3P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.242(C636E5R3P1) |
9.1.0.242(C636E5R3P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.248(C636E5R3P1) |
9.1.0.248(C636E5R3P1) |
|
|
HUAWEI Y9 2019 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.224(C212E3R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.224(C212E3R1P1T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.224(C45E3R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.224(C45E3R1P1T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.224(C771E3R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.224(C771E3R1P1T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.230(C185E2R5P1T8) |
9.1.0.230(C185E2R5P1T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.230(C25E3R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.230(C25E3R1P1T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.230(C605E4R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.230(C605E4R1P1T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.230(C69E3R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.230(C69E3R1P1T8) |
|
|
HUAWEI nova 2s |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.210(C00E110R2P9T8) |
9.1.0.210(C00E110R2P9T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.210(C01E110R1P9T8) |
9.1.0.210(C01E110R1P9T8) |
|
|
HUAWEI nova 3 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.333(C00E333R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.333(C00E333R1P1T8) |
|
HUAWEI nova 3e |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.126(C01E126R1P7T8) |
9.1.0.126(C01E126R1P7T8) |
|
HUAWEI nova 3e,HUAWEI P20 lite |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.200(C461E6R1P6T8) |
9.1.0.200(C461E6R1P6T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.201(C605E4R1P3T8) |
9.1.0.201(C605E4R1P3T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.201(C636E4R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.201(C636E4R1P5T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.201(ZAFC185E4R1P8T8) |
9.1.0.201(ZAFC185E4R1P8T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.246(C185E4R1P8T8) |
9.1.0.246(C185E4R1P8T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.246(C432E6R1P7T8) |
9.1.0.246(C432E6R1P7T8) |
|
|
HUAWEI nova 4 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.206(C185E1R4P1) |
9.1.0.206(C185E1R4P1) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.225(C636E1R4P1) |
9.1.0.225(C636E1R4P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.253(C01E253R2P1) |
9.1.0.253(C01E253R2P1) |
|
|
HUAWEI nova lite 3 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.283(C635E8R2P2) |
9.1.0.283(C635E8R2P2) |
|
Harry-TL00C |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.226(C01E225R3P1) |
9.1.0.226(C01E225R3P1) |
|
Honor 10 Lite |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.262(C185E8R4P1) |
9.1.0.262(C185E8R4P1) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.262(C461E8R1P11) |
9.1.0.262(C461E8R1P11) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.262(C605E8R2P2) |
9.1.0.262(C605E8R2P2) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.262(C636E8R4P1) |
9.1.0.262(C636E8R4P1) |
|
|
Honor 8A |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.234(C636E4R4P1) |
9.1.0.234(C636E4R4P1) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.240(C605E4R4P2) |
9.1.0.240(C605E4R4P2) |
|
|
Honor 8X |
8.2.0.130(C636CUSTC636D2) |
9.1.0.237(C636E2R4P1T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.237(C185E3R5P1T8) |
9.1.0.237(C185E3R5P1T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.237(C432E1R3P2T8) |
9.1.0.237(C432E1R3P2T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.237(C461E2R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.237(C461E2R1P1T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.237(C605E1R1P2T8) |
9.1.0.237(C605E1R1P2T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.237(C675E8R2P1T8) |
9.1.0.237(C675E8R2P1T8) |
|
|
Honor View 20 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.201(C10E1R4P1) |
9.1.0.201(C10E1R4P1) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.201(C185E2R3P1) |
9.1.0.201(C185E2R3P1) |
|
|
Jackman-L22 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.230(C636E2R4P1T8) |
9.1.0.230(C636E2R4P1T8) |
|
Johnson-AL10C |
8.2.0.165(C00R1P16) |
9.1.0.217(C00E15R3P2T8) |
|
Leland-AL10B |
8.0.0.189(C00) |
9.1.0.124(C00E112R2P10T8) |
|
Leland-L21A |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.136(C185E5R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.136(C185E5R1P5T8) |
|
Leland-L22C |
8.0.0.128(C636) |
Leland-L21A 9.1.0.136(C636E5R1P5T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.130(C675E6R1P4T8) |
Leland-L42C 9.1.0.130(C675E6R1P4T8) |
|
|
Leland-TL10B |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.124(C01E112R2P10T8) |
9.1.0.124(C01E112R2P10T8) |
|
Leland-TL10C |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.124(C01E112R2P10T8) |
Leland-TL10B 9.1.0.124(C01E112R2P10T8) |
|
LelandP-AL10D |
8.0.0.139(C00) |
9.1.0.115(C00E113R1P6T8) |
|
LelandP-L22C |
8.0.0.112(C636) |
9.1.0.122(C636E4R1P4T8) |
|
LelandP-L22D |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.118(C675E12R1P4T8) |
LelandP-L32A 9.1.0.118(C675E12R1P4T8) |
|
Madrid-AL00A |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.246(C00E106R2P2) |
9.1.0.246(C00E106R2P2) |
|
Paris-L21B |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.331(C432E1R1P2T8) |
9.1.0.331(C432E1R1P2T8) |
|
Paris-L21MEB |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.331(C185E4R1P3T8) |
9.1.0.331(C185E4R1P3T8) |
|
Paris-L29B |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.331(C636E1R1P3T8) |
9.1.0.331(C636E1R1P3T8) |
|
Potter-AL00C |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.226(C00E225R4P1) |
9.1.0.226(C00E225R4P1) |
|
Princeton-AL10A |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.176(C00E60R2P11) |
Princeton-AL10D 10.0.0.176(C00E60R2P11) |
|
Princeton-AL10B |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.175(C00E59R2P11) |
10.0.0.175(C00E59R2P11) |
|
Stanford-L09 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.210(C185E2R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.210(C185E2R1P5T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.210(C432E2R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.210(C432E2R1P5T8) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.211(C635E2R1P4T8) |
9.1.0.211(C635E2R1P4T8) |
|
|
Stanford-L09S |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.210(C432E2R1P5T8) |
9.1.0.210(C432E2R1P5T8) |
|
Sydney-AL00 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.228(C00E78R1P7T8) |
9.1.0.228(C00E78R1P7T8) |
|
Sydney-TL00 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.228(C01E78R1P7T8) |
9.1.0.228(C01E78R1P7T8) |
|
SydneyM-AL00 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.228(C00E78R1P7T8) |
9.1.0.228(C00E78R1P7T8) |
|
Yale-AL50A |
Versions earlier than 9.1.1.158(C00E156R8P2) |
9.1.1.158(C00E156R8P2) |
|
Yale-L21A |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.168(C10E3R3P2) |
10.0.0.168(C10E3R3P2) |
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.168(C431E9R5P1) |
10.0.0.168(C431E9R5P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.168(C432E9R5P1) |
10.0.0.168(C432E9R5P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.168(C461E3R3P1) |
10.0.0.168(C461E3R3P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.168(C605E3R4P1) |
10.0.0.168(C605E3R4P1) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.168(C636E3R3P1) |
10.0.0.168(C636E3R3P1) |
|
|
Yale-L61A |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.195(C432E3R1P2) |
9.1.0.195(C432E3R1P2) |
|
Yale-TL00B |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.179(C01E179R8P2) |
9.1.0.179(C01E179R8P2) |
|
YaleP-AL10B |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.179(C00E179R8P2) |
9.1.0.179(C00E179R8P2) |
|
changxiang 9S |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.245(C00E235R5P1) |
9.1.0.245(C00E235R5P1) |
|
changxiang |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.246(C00E106R2P2) |
9.1.0.246(C00E106R2P2) |
|
maimang 8 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.226(C00E225R4P1) |
9.1.0.226(C00E225R4P1) |
|
Hornor10 |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.226(C01E225R3P1) |
9.1.0.226(C01E225R3P1) |
|
Hornor20 |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.175(C00E58R4P11) |
10.0.0.175(C00E58R4P11) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.179(C00E179R8P2) |
9.1.0.179(C00E179R8P2) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.179(C01E179R8P2) |
9.1.0.179(C01E179R8P2) |
|
|
Hornor20 PRO |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.179(C00E179R8P2) |
9.1.0.179(C00E179R8P2) |
|
Hornor8X |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.217(C01E15R3P2T8) |
9.1.0.217(C01E15R3P2T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.234(C541E1R1P1T8) |
9.1.0.234(C541E1R1P1T8) |
|
|
Hornor8X Max |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.151(C00E151R2P5T8) |
9.1.0.151(C00E151R2P5T8) |
|
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.151(C01E151R2P5T8) |
9.1.0.151(C01E151R2P5T8) |
|
|
Hornor Magic2 |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.175(C00E59R2P11) |
10.0.0.175(C00E59R2P11) |
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.175(C01E59R2P11) |
10.0.0.175(C01E59R2P11) |
|
|
Hornor V20 |
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.175(C00E59R2P11) |
10.0.0.175(C00E59R2P11) |
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.175(C01E59R2P11) |
10.0.0.175(C01E59R2P11) |
|
|
Versions earlier than 10.0.0.176(C00E60R2P11) |
10.0.0.176(C00E60R2P11) |
|
|
Hornor 8A |
Versions earlier than 9.1.0.248(C00E106R2P2) |
9.1.0.248(C00E106R2P2) |
Successful exploit could allow the attacker to use the application locked by applock in an instant.
The vulnerability classification has been performed by using the CVSSv3 scoring system (http://www.first.org/cvss/specification-document).
Base Score: 3.1 (AV:P/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N)
Temporal Score: 2.9 (E:F/RL:O/RC:C)
This vulnerability can be exploited only when the following conditions are present:
The attacker got the phone and the phone's CPU is almost exhausted.
Vulnerability details:
The applock does not perform a sufficient authentication in a rare condition, successful exploit could allow the attacker to use the application locked by applock in an instant.
The product that supports automatic update will receive a system update prompt. You can install the update to fix the vulnerability.
This vulnerability was reported to Huawei PSIRT by security researcher Fan Yuxi. Huawei would like to thank Fan Yuxi for working with us and coordinated vulnerability disclosure to protect our customers.
2020-09-09 V1.2 UPDATED Updated the "Software Versions and Fixes" section;
2020-04-22 V1.1 UPDATED Updated the "Software Versions and Fixes" section;
2019-12-04 V1.0 INITIAL
None
Huawei adheres to protecting the ultimate interests of users with best efforts and the principle of responsible disclosure and deal with product security issues through our response mechanism.
To enjoy Huawei PSIRT services and obtain Huawei product vulnerability information, please visit http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt.
To report a security vulnerability in Huawei products and solutions, please send it to PSIRT@huawei.com. For details, please visit http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/report-vulnerabilities.
